Premature ovarian insufficiency: diagnosis, causes, treatment and fertility
Irregular cycles before 40, FSH, AMH, causes, hormone therapy and fertility: understand premature ovarian insufficiency without jumping to conclusions.
All posts
ICSI and Birth Defect Risks: What 30+ Years of Medical Evidence Shows
Does ICSI increase the risk of birth defects? Explore 30+ years of pediatric follow-up, sperm genetics, and clinical insights from Dr. Senai Aksoy.
IVF and Age Limits: Realistic Success Rates and Boundaries After 40
Explore IVF success rates after 40, 43, and 45. Understand ovarian reserve vs. egg quality, chromosomal risks, PGT-A limits, and clinical stopping points.
Blocked Fallopian Tubes: What Causes Them and What Can Be Done
Why fallopian tubes block, why there are usually no symptoms, how blockage is actually found, and when surgery makes more sense than going straight to IVF.
Hysterosalpingogram (HSG): What the Test Shows and What to Expect
What an HSG test involves, when in your cycle it is done, whether it hurts, and what an abnormal result can — and cannot — tell you.
Pregnancy After Fallopian Tube Removal: What IVF Can and Cannot Do
Whether pregnancy is possible after fallopian tube removal, what IVF changes, whether tubes grow back, and what the evidence says about ovarian reserve.
A Note on ERA Testing: High Cost, Uncertain Benefit
Dr. Senai Aksoy's personal perspective on the ERA test — examining clinical trial evidence, implantation window claims, and true priorities in recurrent failure.
Ovarian PRP & Rejuvenation: Anti-Aging Miracle or Experimental Hope?
Dr. Senai Aksoy's personal perspective on ovarian PRP and exosome therapies — examining biological aging limits and 30 years of clinical observations.
A Note on PGT-A Genetic Screening: When Does It Help, When Is It Marketed?
Dr. Senai Aksoy's personal perspective on PGT-A genetic screening in IVF — distinguishing true clinical indication from technology marketing.
Conceiving After Early Miscarriage: Evidence and Clinical Guidelines
What clinical studies and medical guidelines reveal about waiting times, pelvic rest, and pregnancy outcomes after early loss.
Choosing an IVF Clinic Abroad: What Actually Matters
A neutral, evidence-based framework for evaluating any IVF or ICSI clinic abroad — lab standards, success-rate reporting, legal eligibility, and cost transparency.
Egg Freezing Abroad: What to Compare Before You Travel
A practical guide to egg freezing abroad: shared monitoring, legal and storage rules, total costs, and Dr. Aksoy's clinical guidance.
How to Plan IVF Abroad Without Rushing the Trip
Plan IVF abroad with a practical checklist covering medical records, clinic and laboratory quality, legal eligibility, total costs, travel and aftercare.
IVF in Europe: What to Compare Across Destinations
Comparing IVF in Europe: legal pathways, laboratory standards, full cost, stay length, and questions to ask before you travel — without ranking countries.
Failed IVF and a Second Medical Opinion: What to Do Next
When to seek a second opinion after IVF failure, what records to bring, and how Dr. Aksoy identifies cycle bottlenecks instead of repeating mistakes.
DHEA and Growth Hormone in IVF: What the Evidence Says
DHEA and growth hormone are frequently promoted for poor ovarian response in IVF. Learn what Cochrane reviews, clinical trials, and Dr. Aksoy's practice show.
Understanding IVF Success Rates: How They Are Measured
IVF success rates are not a single number. Dr. Senai Aksoy explains per-cycle, per-transfer, and cumulative live birth rates, and what truly shapes your odds.
IMSI, PICSI & MACS in IVF: Sperm Selection Evidence Review
Explore the clinical evidence behind IMSI, PICSI, and MACS sperm selection in IVF/ICSI. Learn when these laboratory add-ons may be considered and Dr. Aksoy's approach.
PMOS: the new name for PCOS
Why PCOS is now called PMOS, how the two names may appear during the transition, and whether the rename changes an existing diagnosis.
PMOS (formerly PCOS): Diagnosis, Treatment and Fertility
PCOS / PMOS: diagnosis, AMH and ultrasound, metabolic health, letrozole, fertility treatment, pregnancy and safe IVF care — per the 2023 guideline and 2026 rename.
Does Endometriosis Show Up on Ultrasound? A Guide to Ultrasound, MRI and Laparoscopy
Does endometriosis show up on ultrasound? Often yes with the IDEA protocol—but a normal scan does not rule it out. When MRI or laparoscopy still helps, and why fertility plans change the pathway.
Ovarian endometrioma: when to monitor and when to discuss surgery
A patient guide to ovarian endometrioma: when monitoring may be reasonable, when surgery may be discussed, and how cystectomy can affect ovarian reserve before IVF.
Endometriosis and infertility: EFI, surgery, IVF and ovarian reserve
Endometriosis and infertility: the EFI score, cystectomy's effect on AMH, and why routine surgery before IVF isn't recommended.
Treating Endometriosis Pain: Medical and Supportive Options
Evidence-based options for endometriosis pain, including analgesics, hormonal treatment, second-line therapies, supportive care, and fertility planning.
Endometriosis surgery: excision, deep disease and ovary-sparing techniques
Endometriosis surgery: excision over ablation, bowel-sparing for deep disease. Dr. Aksoy explains recurrence risk and prevention.
Endometriosis Symptoms: Recognising the Signs and When to Seek Care
Endometriosis symptoms: progressive dysmenorrhoea, deep dyspareunia, infertility, fatigue. Dr. Aksoy on warning signs, organ risk, and diagnostic delay.
Endometriosis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment and Fertility
Learn how endometriosis is diagnosed, when surgery is needed, how endometriomas affect ovarian reserve, and when IVF may be preferred.
Hyperprolactinemia: High Prolactin Levels in Women
A high prolactin result doesn't always mean a prolactinoma. Dr. Aksoy on repeat testing, macroprolactin, treatment, and IVF planning.
Endometrial Thickness Before Embryo Transfer: How Much Does It Matter?
Is 7 mm the right endometrial thickness before transfer? Dr. Aksoy on the threshold, thin-lining options, timing, and when to investigate.
Varicocele Repair vs IVF/ICSI: When to Consider Repair
When clinical varicocele may warrant repair, and when IVF/ICSI is the more logical path based on semen parameters, female factor, and time available.
EmbryoScope and AI in IVF: What They Can Refine and What They Cannot
What EmbryoScope and AI add to embryo selection in IVF, where evidence is strongest, and where the limits still matter for patients.
CoQ10, Melatonin and NAC for Oocyte Quality: What the Evidence Actually Says
Do CoQ10, melatonin and NAC improve egg quality before IVF? Dr. Aksoy examines clinical trials, ESHRE guidance, and when a limited discussion is reasonable.
Acupuncture and Herbal Remedies in IVF: Helpful or Overstated?
Can acupuncture or herbal remedies improve IVF outcomes? Dr. Aksoy on what the evidence supports, perioperative herbal safety, and what remains uncertain.
Discharge, Itching, or Odor: Yeast Infection or Bacterial Vaginosis?
Discharge, itching, or odor? Dr Senai Aksoy explains how to distinguish a yeast infection from bacterial vaginosis and why testing beats guessing.
Endometrial Scratching Before IVF: Why It Is No Longer a Routine Add-On
Endometrial scratching was once promoted to improve implantation. Dr. Aksoy explains why it's no longer a routine add-on.
Immune Treatments After Failed IVF: What the Evidence Supports
NK tests, intralipids, IVIG and steroids after failed transfers: what current evidence actually supports—and what it still does not.
Hysteroscopy Before IVF: When It Helps and When It Is Usually Unnecessary
Is a hysteroscopy necessary before IVF? Dr. Senai Aksoy reviews the evidence from Cochrane and ESHRE, explaining when direct cavity inspection is worthwhile.
EmbryoGlue in IVF: Efficacy, Limits, and Role in Embryo Transfer
Review of EmbryoGlue and hyaluronic acid transfer media: 2020 Cochrane meta-analysis, ESHRE recommendations, HFEA amber rating, and evidence limits.
Can Isotretinoin (Accutane) Help Some Men With Non-Obstructive Azoospermia?
Why is isotretinoin studied for non-obstructive azoospermia? Dr. Senai Aksoy reviews the 2025 clinical evidence, response rates, and safety considerations.
IVF Embryo Grading: What 4AA, 3BB, 4BB and 5BC Mean
IVF embryo grading explains what 4AA, 3BB, 5BC, and other grades mean under the microscope, and what a 3BB grade can and cannot tell you about success. Morphology shifts odds but is not a guarantee.
Preparing the Endometrium for Frozen Embryo Transfer: HRT, Natural, and Hybrid Cycles
HRT, natural, or hybrid cycle for frozen embryo transfer? Dr. Aksoy explains how ovulation, scheduling, and pregnancy risk shape the choice.
Vaginal Microbiome and IVF: What Lactobacillus Dominance May Mean for Implantation
What Lactobacillus dominance may mean for IVF, why association is not causation, and why routine vaginal or endometrial microbiome profiling is not recommended.
Micro-TESE for Azoospermia: Can a Second Attempt Work?
When can repeat micro-TESE be considered after a failed attempt? Learn what retrieval rates, genetics, pathology, hormones, and timing may mean.
How Many Eggs Are Usually Enough for IVF?
IVF success is not determined by a single egg count. Learn how retrieved oocytes, age, embryo development and treatment safety fit together.
Fresh vs Frozen Embryo Transfer: Which Fits Your IVF Cycle?
Fresh vs frozen embryo transfer: when each is preferred, OHSS risk, progesterone elevation, PGT planning, and endometrial concerns.
Bleeding After Embryo Transfer: When Spotting Is Common and When to Call
Light spotting can occur after embryo transfer and does not prove success or failure. Dr. Aksoy explains what to monitor and when to seek urgent care.
Limits of Laparoscopic Myomectomy: When Open Surgery May Be Better
Learn how fibroid size, number, location, uterine repair, and surgical expertise shape the choice between laparoscopic and open myomectomy.
IVF Protocols and Medications: How Doctors Choose a Plan
How do doctors choose an IVF protocol? Dr. Senai Aksoy explains the main stimulation plans, medications, and OHSS safety trade-offs.
Hysteroscopy in Female Infertility: Indications, Procedures, and Clinical Evidence
How does hysteroscopy diagnose and treat uterine factors in female infertility? Dr. Senai Aksoy explains key indications, benefits, and guidelines.
Hydrosalpinx: Why It Matters Before Another IVF Transfer
Hydrosalpinx is a blocked, fluid-filled tube that may affect IVF implantation. Diagnosis, treatment options, and transfer timing with Dr. Aksoy.
Natural Pregnancy After IVF: Why Spontaneous Conception Still Happens
Can you get pregnant naturally after IVF? Dr. Senai Aksoy explains the scientific data, likelihood factors, and what it means for family planning.
How Many Eggs Do You Really Need to Freeze for a Baby?
How many mature eggs should you freeze for a realistic chance of a baby? Dr. Aksoy explains age-based probability models, cycle planning, and safety margins.
Functional Ovarian Cysts: When to Watch, When to Act
Functional ovarian cysts form during the normal cycle and often resolve alone. Learn symptoms, ultrasound follow-up, and fertility impact.
Ways to Improve IVF Success: Evidence-Based Strategies
How to improve IVF success with individualized stimulation, embryo-transfer strategy, and skipping weakly supported add-ons — evidence over one-size-fits-all tips. Not a cost or package guide.
Is IVF in Turkey Safe? What International Patients Should Check First
Assess IVF safety in Turkey: clinic licensing, laboratory standards, treatment risks, success-rate reporting, legal limits and follow-up abroad.
Unexplained Infertility: Choosing Between Waiting, IUI, and IVF
A practical guide to unexplained infertility: what routine tests establish and how age, time, prior treatment, and safety shape the next step.
Failed IVF: What to Review Before the Next Cycle
What to review after a failed IVF cycle — ovarian response, fertilisation, embryo development, transfer, uterine factors and selective testing.
IUI with a Partner's Sperm: Who It Helps and What Success Rates Mean
A patient-friendly guide to IUI with a partner's sperm: who may benefit, how a cycle works, what age-related success estimates mean, and when IVF may be discussed.
Male Fertility Supplements: What May Help and What They Cannot Replace
Do male fertility supplements actually work? Dr. Senai Aksoy reviews the scientific evidence on CoQ10, zinc, L-carnitine, and when to seek medical evaluation.
Fibroids and IVF: When Fibroids Matter and When They Do Not
Do fibroids affect IVF? Dr. Aksoy explains which ones matter, when surgery may help, and how size and location shape treatment.
Letrozole for Endometrial Preparation: When It May Be Considered
Letrozole is established mainly for ovulation induction. In frozen embryo transfer, it may be an alternative for selected patients, but it is not a proven universal implantation enhancer.
Repeated IVF Failure and the Immune System: What Is Actually Known?
Do immune factors explain repeated IVF failure? Dr. Aksoy on which tests are discussed and why many treatments remain uncertain.
Hysteroscopic Surgery for Adenomyosis: When It May Help
When hysteroscopic surgery may help selected adenomyosis cases, its limits, and how it fits into fertility-preserving treatment planning.
ERA Test in IVF: History, Evidence, and What NICE, ESHRE, ASRM and HFEA Say Now
How the ERA test developed, what major trials show, and why NICE 2026 advises against endometrial receptivity testing as an embryo-transfer add-on.
Hydrosalpinx Treatment and Infertility
Hydrosalpinx is fluid in a blocked fallopian tube that can lower fertility and IVF success. Dr. Aksoy on symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.
Ovarian PRP: What It Is and Why It Remains Experimental
Ovarian PRP injects platelet-rich plasma into the ovary. Learn what current human studies suggest, what they cannot prove, and why timing matters.
Mobile Phones and Male Fertility: What Evidence Suggests
Current evidence on mobile phone use and male fertility — associations found, confounders, and why phone habits are one piece of a broader evaluation.
Chronic Endometritis and IVF: Silent Inflammation, Biopsy & Treatment
Chronic endometritis is low-grade inflammation that may affect implantation. Dr. Aksoy on CD138 biopsy, when to test, and treatment before IVF.
Adenomyosis and IVF: What It Means for Fertility Treatment
How can adenomyosis affect fertility and IVF? Dr Senai Aksoy explains diagnosis, embryo-transfer planning, GnRH pretreatment and surgery.
IVF Outcomes: What May Help and Where Evidence Is Uncertain
What to review before another IVF cycle: treatment choices, safety, lifestyle, and the limits of evidence for optional tests and add-ons.
Female Infertility and IVF: Causes, Evaluation, and Treatment Planning
What drives female infertility, how the workup is usually built, and when IVF becomes a proportionate next step — based on ASRM and WHO guidance.
After IVF Transfer: What to Do (Two-Week Wait Guide)
After IVF transfer, what to do during the two-week wait — activity, progesterone, food, and myths. Practical guidance without false guarantees.
Male Infertility and IVF: When IVF Helps and What It Does Not Solve
How male infertility is evaluated, when IVF or ICSI may help, and why treatment should be based on the specific sperm, hormonal, genetic, or obstructive cause.
Frozen Embryos in IVF: When Freezing Helps and What the Tradeoffs Are
Understand how embryo freezing works, when a freeze-all cycle improves IVF outcomes, and the clinical tradeoffs between fresh and frozen transfers.
Embryo Transfer in IVF: What Matters Most for Success
How is embryo transfer performed? Dr. Aksoy explains key success factors — embryo quality, endometrial readiness, ultrasound guidance, and transfer timing.
Conventional IVF, ICSI, and Natural-Cycle IVF: How They Differ
Conventional IVF, ICSI, and natural-cycle IVF differ in fertilization method, ovarian stimulation, medication burden, and expected egg yield. Dr. Aksoy explains how doctors choose.
Can Preimplantation Genetic Testing Be Used for Sex Selection?
Can preimplantation genetic testing reveal embryo sex? Dr. Senai Aksoy explains when sex selection is medically indicated vs strictly restricted under Turkish law.
How Hysteroscopy Can Help Fertility in Selected Patients
Learn how hysteroscopy evaluates and treats intrauterine polyps, fibroids, adhesions, and septa in selected patients, and when routine testing is unnecessary.
Who May Need Hysteroscopy and When It Is Most Useful
When hysteroscopy is indicated for polyps, fibroids, adhesions, or congenital anomalies, and when it is not routine.
Laparoscopy vs Open Surgery: Differences, Risks and Fertility
Compare laparoscopy and open gynecologic surgery, including recovery, risks, ovarian reserve, endometrioma, fibroids and IVF timing.
Egg and Sperm Donation: Medical Indications, Screening, and Legal Frameworks
When is egg or sperm donation medically considered? Dr. Senai Aksoy explains international screening guidelines, clinical indications, and Turkish legal regulations.
What Is a Polyp in the Uterus?
What is a uterine (endometrial) polyp? Dr. Senai Aksoy explains symptoms, causes, diagnosis, hysteroscopic removal, and when polyps affect IVF and fertility.
IVF Success Over Time: Why More Than One Cycle Can Matter
Why one IVF cycle doesn't give a final verdict. Dr. Aksoy explains cumulative success rates, realistic multi-cycle expectations, and when to adjust plans.
IVF for Ovulation Disorders (PCOS / PMOS): When to Consider It
When IVF may be considered for ovulation disorders (PCOS / PMOS and hypothalamic amenorrhea), how protocols are individualized, and how OHSS risk is managed.
Stem Cells for Fertility: Why Treatment Remains Experimental
What human studies show about stem cells for ovarian insufficiency, thin endometrium and Asherman syndrome—and why use remains experimental.
Egg Freezing: Best Age, Success Rates, and How Many Eggs Matter
Egg freezing success depends heavily on age and mature egg count. Dr. Aksoy explains what patients should realistically expect.
Uterine Fibroids and Fertility: Which Fibroids Matter Most
Learn which uterine fibroids actually affect fertility, how location and size shape the decision before pregnancy or IVF, and what current evidence supports.
Chemical Pregnancy: When It Happens and What Comes Next
A chemical pregnancy is a very early loss detected by hCG before ultrasound confirmation. Learn how it is followed and when further evaluation may help.
Can You Have a Vaginal Birth After IVF?
Can you have a vaginal birth after IVF? Dr. Aksoy explains which obstetric factors matter more than how conception started.
Exosomes for Ovarian Rejuvenation: Why the Idea Is Still Experimental
Learn what exosomes are, why they are being studied for ovarian aging, and why exosome-based ovarian rejuvenation is still experimental.
What Most Influences IVF Success?
Comprehensive guide to IVF success factors: diagnosis, stimulation, embryo selection, transfer strategy, and avoiding unproven add-ons.
PGT-M Explained: Single-Gene Testing Before Embryo Transfer
PGT-M combines IVF, blastocyst biopsy, and DNA testing for a known familial variant. This guide explains who it may help, how preparation works, and its limits.
Improving Sperm Quality: What Can Help and When to Seek Care
How can you improve sperm quality? Explore modifiable lifestyle factors, the 72–90 day spermatogenesis timeline, supplements, and clinical evaluation with Dr. Senai Aksoy.
Unexplained Infertility: What the Diagnosis Means and What Usually Comes Next
What unexplained infertility means and how age, prognosis and prior treatment guide expectant management, stimulated IUI or IVF.
What Changes the Total Cost of IVF?
Learn which medical, laboratory, freezing, transfer, and travel items can change the total cost of IVF and how to compare written quotes.
Beta Levels at 4 Weeks After IVF: Reading the First Test
What do beta levels at 4 weeks after IVF mean? Why one number is not enough, how the 48-hour change is read, and when ultrasound takes over.
Ovarian Stimulation in IVF: Protocols, Timeline, and Safety
How ovarian stimulation works in IVF: protocol selection, monitoring timeline, medication roles, and preventing OHSS to obtain mature, usable eggs safely.
Can You Have Twins With IVF? Risks and Safer Transfer Plans
Twins can happen after IVF. Dr. Aksoy explains the extra maternal and neonatal risks, and why one embryo is usually the safer transfer plan.
Day 5 Embryo Transfer vs Day 3: How Timing Is Chosen
Day 5 embryo (blastocyst) transfer is common in modern IVF, but day 3 still has a role. Learn how doctors choose transfer timing, freeze-all, and PGT planning.
IVF Risks and Practical Considerations: What Patients Should Know
A balanced, guideline-backed guide to IVF risks: OHSS, egg retrieval complications, multiple pregnancy, warning signs, and how teams minimize them.
IVF Failure: Common Causes and What They Mean for Next Steps
Explore the main causes of IVF failure—embryo genetics, maternal age, uterine factors, sperm quality, and biological chance—and how to plan next steps.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Causes, Symptoms, and Fertility Risks
Pelvic inflammatory disease: causes, symptoms, and fertility risks. Dr. Aksoy explains diagnostic criteria, antibiotic protocols, and safety considerations.
Vaginitis and Vaginal Flora: What Is Normal and When to Seek Care
A patient-friendly guide to normal vaginal flora, bacterial vaginosis, yeast infection, and when symptoms or an altered lab result need medical assessment.
Egg Retrieval Pain Control: Sedation, Anesthesia, and How Clinics Choose
Sedation vs general anesthesia for egg retrieval: comfort, safety, propofol and IVF outcomes, and the questions to ask before oocyte pickup.